Tense and Details by Ashraful Alam Showrav

Tense – HSC Hand Note
HSC English Grammar

Master Tense
Hand Note

Complete guide with definitions, structures, signal words, examples & transformation rules — crafted for HSC students.

A Tense is a grammatical form of a verb that expresses time — when an action takes place. It tells us whether something happened in the past, is happening in the present, or will happen in the future.

🇧🇩 Tense হলো Verb-এর এমন একটি রূপ যা বলে দেয় কাজটি কখন ঘটেছে — অতীতে, বর্তমানে নাকি ভবিষ্যতে।

🕰 Past Tense
  • Simple Past
  • Past Continuous
  • Past Perfect
  • Past Perfect Continuous
⚡ Present Tense
  • Simple Present
  • Present Continuous
  • Present Perfect
  • Present Perfect Continuous
🚀 Future Tense
  • Simple Future
  • Future Continuous
  • Future Perfect
  • Future Perfect Continuous
01

Simple Present Tense

সাধারণ বর্তমান কাল
📌 Use / ব্যবহার
  • Habitual actions (অভ্যাসগত কাজ)
  • Universal truths (সত্য তথ্য)
  • Scheduled events (সূচি অনুযায়ী)
  • Permanent states
⚡ Signal Words

always, usually, often, sometimes, every day/week, never, generally, regularly

Structure কাঠামো
Aff (+) Subject + V1/Vs + Object
Neg (–) Sub + do/does + not + V1 + Obj
Int (?) Do/Does + Sub + V1 + Obj?
Examples উদাহরণ
AFFShe reads a book every night. / The sun rises in the east.
NEGHe does not play cricket. / They do not eat fish.
INTDoes she go to school? / Do they know the answer?
02

Present Continuous Tense

ঘটমান বর্তমান কাল
📌 Use
  • Action happening right now (এখন চলছে)
  • Temporary situations
  • Near future arrangements
⚡ Signal Words

now, at this moment, at present, currently, right now, look!, listen!

Structure
AffSub + am/is/are + V-ing + Obj
NegSub + am/is/are + not + V-ing + Obj
IntAm/Is/Are + Sub + V-ing + Obj?
Examples
AFFI am writing a letter now. / She is singing at present.
NEGThey are not playing football. / He is not studying.
INTIs he reading a book? / Are they coming today?
03

Present Perfect Tense

পুরাঘটিত বর্তমান কাল
📌 Use
  • Just completed actions (সবেমাত্র শেষ)
  • Life experiences
  • Recent actions affecting present
  • With: ever, never, already, yet
⚡ Signal Words

just, already, yet, ever, never, recently, lately, since, for, so far, up to now

Structure
AffSub + have/has + V3 (past participle) + Obj
NegSub + have/has + not + V3 + Obj
IntHave/Has + Sub + V3 + Obj?
Examples
AFFShe has finished her homework. / I have visited Cox's Bazar.
NEGHe has not eaten yet. / They have not arrived.
INTHave you seen this movie? / Has she done the work?
04

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

ঘটমান পুরাঘটিত বর্তমান কাল
📌 Use
  • Action started in past, still continuing (শুরু হয়েছে, এখনও চলছে)
  • Duration emphasized
  • Used with: since, for
⚡ Signal Words

since (নির্দিষ্ট সময়), for (সময়ের পরিমাণ), all day, how long, the whole time

Structure
AffSub + have/has + been + V-ing + Obj
NegSub + have/has + not + been + V-ing + Obj
IntHave/Has + Sub + been + V-ing + Obj?
Examples
AFFI have been studying for 3 hours. / She has been working since morning.
NEGHe has not been sleeping well lately.
INTHave they been waiting long? / Has he been practicing?
05

Simple Past Tense

সাধারণ অতীত কাল
📌 Use
  • Completed actions in past (অতীতে সম্পন্ন)
  • Series of events in past
  • Habitual past actions
⚡ Signal Words

yesterday, ago, last night/week/year, in 2010, once, long ago, when I was young

Structure
AffSub + V2 (past form) + Obj
NegSub + did + not + V1 + Obj
IntDid + Sub + V1 + Obj?
Examples
AFFHe went to Dhaka yesterday. / She cooked rice last night.
NEGI did not watch TV last night.
INTDid you meet him? / Did she call you?
06

Past Continuous Tense

ঘটমান অতীত কাল
📌 Use
  • Action was going on at a specific past time
  • Two simultaneous past actions
  • Background action (while/when)
⚡ Signal Words

while, when, at that time, at 6 pm yesterday, all morning, as, throughout

Structure
AffSub + was/were + V-ing + Obj
NegSub + was/were + not + V-ing + Obj
IntWas/Were + Sub + V-ing + Obj?
Examples
AFFShe was reading when I called. / They were playing at 5 pm.
NEGI was not sleeping at midnight.
INTWere you waiting for me?
07

Past Perfect Tense

পুরাঘটিত অতীত কাল
📌 Use
  • Action completed before another past action
  • দুটি অতীত কাজের মধ্যে আগেরটি
  • Used with: before, after, when, as soon as
⚡ Signal Words

before, after, when, by the time, already, as soon as, no sooner…than, hardly…when

Structure
AffSub + had + V3 + Obj
NegSub + had + not + V3 + Obj
IntHad + Sub + V3 + Obj?
Examples
AFFHe had eaten before she arrived. / I had finished work by 6 pm.
NEGShe had not slept when the alarm rang.
INTHad you met him before?
08

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

ঘটমান পুরাঘটিত অতীত কাল
📌 Use
  • Action that had been going on before another past action
  • Emphasizes duration in past
⚡ Signal Words

for, since, before, until, all day, how long, the whole day

Structure
AffSub + had + been + V-ing + Obj
NegSub + had + not + been + V-ing + Obj
IntHad + Sub + been + V-ing + Obj?
Examples
AFFShe had been waiting for 2 hours before he came. / They had been playing since noon.
INTHad he been working all night?
09

Simple Future Tense

সাধারণ ভবিষ্যৎ কাল
📌 Use
  • Prediction / সম্ভাব্য ভবিষ্যৎ
  • Spontaneous decisions
  • Offers / Promises / Threats
⚡ Signal Words

tomorrow, next week/month/year, soon, in future, someday, one day, tonight

Structure
AffSub + will/shall + V1 + Obj
NegSub + will/shall + not + V1 + Obj
IntWill/Shall + Sub + V1 + Obj?
Examples
AFFI will go to school tomorrow. / She will pass the exam.
NEGHe will not come today.
INTWill you help me? / Shall we go?
10

Future Continuous Tense

ঘটমান ভবিষ্যৎ কাল
📌 Use
  • Action going on at a future time
  • ভবিষ্যতের নির্দিষ্ট সময়ে চলমান কাজ
⚡ Signal Words

at this time tomorrow, at 5 pm next Sunday, in 2 hours, while (future context)

Structure
AffSub + will + be + V-ing + Obj
NegSub + will + not + be + V-ing + Obj
IntWill + Sub + be + V-ing + Obj?
Examples
AFFI will be studying at 8 pm tomorrow. / She will be traveling next week.
11

Future Perfect Tense

পুরাঘটিত ভবিষ্যৎ কাল
📌 Use
  • Action that will be completed before a future time/event
  • ভবিষ্যতের একটি সময়ের আগে সম্পন্ন হবে
⚡ Signal Words

by, by the time, before (future), by tomorrow, by next week, by 2030

Structure
AffSub + will + have + V3 + Obj
NegSub + will + not + have + V3 + Obj
IntWill + Sub + have + V3 + Obj?
Examples
AFFI will have finished by 9 pm. / She will have left before you arrive.
12

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

ঘটমান পুরাঘটিত ভবিষ্যৎ কাল
📌 Use
  • Action continuing up to a point in future (duration emphasized)
⚡ Signal Words

for, since, by (then), by next year, by the time

Structure
AffSub + will + have + been + V-ing + Obj
Examples
AFFBy 2030, I will have been teaching for 10 years. / She will have been working here for 5 years by December.
Tense Key Signal Words
Simple Presentalways, usually, often, every day, generally, regularly, never
Present Continuousnow, at present, currently, at this moment, right now, look!, listen!
Present Perfectjust, already, yet, ever, never, recently, since, for, so far
Present Perf. Cont.since (point), for (duration), all day, how long, the whole time
Simple Pastyesterday, ago, last night/week/year, in 2020, once, when I was
Past Continuouswhile, when (with simple past), at that time, all morning, throughout
Past Perfectbefore, after, when, by the time, as soon as, no sooner…than, hardly…when
Past Perf. Cont.for, since, before, all day (in past context), how long (past)
Simple Futuretomorrow, next week, soon, in future, tonight, someday
Future Continuousat this time tomorrow, at 5pm next Sunday, in 2 hours (future)
Future Perfectby, before (future), by tomorrow, by next week, by 2030
Future Perf. Cont.for, since, by (then), by next year, by the time (future)
🔑

since vs for

since = নির্দিষ্ট সময় থেকে (since 2020, since morning)
for = সময়ের পরিমাণ (for 3 hours, for 2 years)

⚠️

Stative Verbs ব্যবহার

know, love, hate, want, need, believe, understand — এই verbs গুলো Continuous tense-এ সাধারণত ব্যবহার হয় না।

🎯

had/have/has চেনার trick

has/have = Present Perfect
had = Past Perfect
Subject অনুযায়ী: I/You/We/They → have; He/She/It → has

📐

do/does/did Rule

do = I/You/We/They (present)
does = He/She/It (present)
did = সব Subject (past)

🔗

while vs when

while = দুটি চলমান কাজের একসাথে ব্যবহার (Past Continuous)
when = একটি চলমান, একটি হঠাৎ কাজ

💡

by the time Rule

"By the time + Simple Present → Future Perfect" এবং "By the time + Simple Past → Past Perfect" — এটা মনে রাখো!

🏅

Verb Form Summary

V1 = base form (go, eat)
V2 = past form (went, ate)
V3 = past participle (gone, eaten)
V-ing = present participle (going)

🚨

HSC Common Mistake

Past Perfect তে দুটো কাজ থাকলে আগেরটা had + V3 এবং পরেরটা Simple Past হবে — উল্টো করলে ভুল!

Transformation মানে একটি Tense-কে অর্থ না বদলে অন্য Tense-এ রূপান্তরিত করা। এটা HSC-এর গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি topic।

Simple Present → Present Continuous

She reads books daily.
She is reading a book now.
He plays cricket every day.
He is playing cricket at present.

Simple Past → Past Perfect

He ate rice. Then she came.
He had eaten rice before she came.
The train left. We reached.
The train had left before we reached.

Simple Present → Simple Past

I go to school every day.
I went to school every day.
She writes a letter.
She wrote a letter.

Simple Present → Simple Future

I eat rice.
I will eat rice.
He plays football.
He will play football.

Present Perfect → Simple Past

I have completed the work.
I completed the work.
She has visited Paris.
She visited Paris.

Assertive → Negative (Same meaning)

She always tells the truth. (Aff)
She never tells a lie. (Neg)
He is the best student. (Aff)
No other student is as good as he. (Neg)
V1 (Base)V2 (Past)V3 (Past Participle)V-ing
gowentgonegoing
comecamecomecoming
eatateeateneating
writewrotewrittenwriting
taketooktakentaking
givegavegivengiving
seesawseenseeing
knowknewknownknowing
readreadreadreading
runranrunrunning
speakspokespokenspeaking
buyboughtboughtbuying
bringbroughtbroughtbringing
dodiddonedoing
makemademademaking
getgotgotten/gotgetting
beginbeganbegunbeginning
breakbrokebrokenbreaking
choosechosechosenchoosing
fallfellfallenfalling

⚡ Golden Rules for HSC Exam

01
V-ing দেখলে Continuous tense — am/is/are/was/were/will be + V-ing
02
had + V3 সবসময় Past Perfect — দুটো past action এর মধ্যে আগেরটা।
03
since/for দেখলে Perfect tense ভাবো — present নাকি past বুঝো context থেকে।
04
Universal truth সবসময় Simple Present — "The Earth revolves around the Sun."
05
by + future time দেখলে Future Perfect: "by tomorrow" → will have + V3
06
just, already, yet = Present Perfect — "He has just arrived."
07
yesterday, ago, last = Simple Past — "She called me yesterday."
08
will + have + been + V-ing = Future Perfect Continuous — duration তে focus।

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